Present Perfect Continuous

1. Форма: HAVE/HAS + BEEN + -ING
E.g.: I HAVE BEEN WATCHING you.
HAS she BEEN SLEEPING?
You HAVE NOT BEEN WAITING here for two hours.
2. Употребляется, когда действие НАЧАЛОСЬ В ПРОШЛОМ и
А: ПРОДОЛЖАЕТСЯ на момент высказывания:
B: ЗАКОНЧИЛОСЬ на момент высказывания, но ВИДЕН РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
2А. Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается на момент высказывания:
-I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.
-We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
-How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]
-We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]
Так как действие продолжается, вместе с этой формой часто употребляется for or since. /смотри пункт 3A и 3B про for & since/
2B: Действие началось в прошлом и закончилось на момент высказывания, но виден результат:
-I'm tired [now] because I've been running.
-Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?
-You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening.
3.Поскольку Present Perfect Continuous акцентирует внимание на длительности действия и привязке к настоящему моменту, то оно что часто сопровождается характерными time expressions.
3А. FOR: We use FOR to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
-I have been studying for 3 hours.
-He has been playing football for a long time.
-What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
-James has been teaching at the university since June.
3В. SINCE: We use SINCE to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
-I have been watching TV since 7pm.
-Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.
-He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.
P.s. Если нет четкого указания на время, часто используются выражения:
Lately / последнее время
Recently / недавно, последнее время
-Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
-She has been watching too much television lately.
-Have you been exercising lately?
3D. ...А также выражения all day, all night etc.
-I’ve been working at home all day.
NB! Поскольку аспект continuous фокусируется на длительности действия, это время нельзя употреблять с глаголами состояния, ведь они не имеют концепции продолжительности. С глаголами состояния употребляется PRESENT PERFECT.
Compare:
* - со звездочкой НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫЙ ВАРИАНТ!
* We’ve been knowing Jackie for three years.
-We’ve known Jackie for three years.
* I’ve always been hating olives.
-I’ve always hated olives.
*Sam has been having his car for two years.
Sam has had his car for two years.