@1. The word “objective” in the passage is closest in meaning to
C) purpose;
@2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean? B) A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean’s invertebrates;
@3. What does the author imply by saying “Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent”? A) The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence;
@4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer? A) It did not contain any marine fossils;
@5. Select the TWO answer choices from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit, you must select TWO
B) Thin silt layers; D) Crystalline salt;
@6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
A) To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan;
@7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?
A) The movements of Earth’s crust;
@8. The word “scores” in the passage is closest in meaning to:
B) large numbers;
@9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct? D) Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean;
@10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. B) The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined;
@11. The word “diffused” in the passage is closest in meaning to:
C) spread;
@12. According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt that agriculture developed independently in Africa? B) The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered in Africa are native to Asia;
@13. In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about changes in the African environment during this time period?
D) A region that had once supported many people was becoming a desert where few could survive;
@14. According to paragraph 2, camels were important because they: D) made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara;
@15. According to paragraph 2, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara? A) Horses and chariots;
@16. What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?
B) It discusses a non-agricultural contribution to Africa from Asia;
@17. The word “profound” in the passage is closest in meaning to:
B) far-reaching;
@18. The word “ritual” in the passage is closest in meaning to:
C) ceremonial;
@19. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT:
A) Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality;
@20. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. B) Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems;
@21. The word “merge” in the passage is closest in meaning to
D) combine;
@22. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?
B) Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars;
@23. The word “relics” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A) remains;
@24. The word “miniature” in the passage is closest in meaning to
B) small;
@25. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon River per second?
A) To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars’ outflow channels;
@26. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT: C) They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches;
@27. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:
C) Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?;
@28. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that: B) a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water;
@29.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about liquid water on Mars?
B) If there is any liquid water at all on Mars’ surface today, its quantity is much smaller than the amount that likely existed there in the past;
@30. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. B) But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water;
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